<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">tiblj</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Туберкулез и болезни легких</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2075-1230</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-1506</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Медицинские знания и технологии</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.58838/2075-1230-2023-101-1S-51-56</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">tiblj-1756</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Эффективность фотодинамической терапии в модели экспериментального туберкулеза у мышей</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Efficacy of photodynamic therapy in an experimental mice tuberculosis model</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3481-3793</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белогородцев</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Belogorodtsev</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Белогородцев Сергей Николаевич, К.м.н., ведущий научный сотрудник  лабораторно-экспериментального отдела </p><p>630040, Новосибирск, ул. Охотская, д. 81а </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey N. Belogorodtsev, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Leading Researcher of Laboratory Experimental Department  </p><p>81a, Okhotskaya St., Novosibirsk, 630040</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">s.belogorodtsev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4897-8676</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лыков</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lykov</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лыков Александр Петрович,  К.м.н., старший научный сотрудник  лабораторно-экспериментального отдела </p><p>630040, Новосибирск, ул. Охотская, д. 81а </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksander P. Lykov, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Senior Researcher of Laboratory Experimental Department </p><p>81a, Okhotskaya St., Novosibirsk, 630040</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aplykov2@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4319-3717</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никонов</surname><given-names>С. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikonov</surname><given-names>S. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Никонов Сергей Данилович Доктор медицинских наук,  профессор кафедры внутренних болезней  </p><p>630090, Новосибирск, ул. Пирогова, 18А, к. 3 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey D. Nikonov, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Internal Medicine</p><p>630090, Novosibirsk, st. Pirogova, 18A, building 3 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sibnovomed@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бредихин</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bredikhin</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бредихин Демид Александрович, Ассистент кафедры внутренних болезней</p><p>630090, Новосибирск, ул. Пирогова, 18А, к. 3 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Demid A. Bredikhin, Assistant at the Department of Internal Medicine</p><p>630090, Novosibirsk, st. Pirogova, 18A, building 3 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">demid87@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3036-9795</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шварц</surname><given-names>Я. Ш.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Schwartz</surname><given-names>Ya. Sh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шварц Яков Шмульевич, Д.м.н., заместитель директора по научной работе  </p><p>630040, Новосибирск, ул. Охотская, д. 81а </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yakov Sh. Schwartz, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Deputy Director for Research  </p><p>81a, Okhotskaya St., Novosibirsk, 630040</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yshschwartz@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Новосибирский научно-исследовательский институт туберкулеза» МЗ РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Novosibirsk Tuberculosis Research Institute, Russian Ministry of Health</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Новосибирский научно-исследовательский институт туберкулеза» МЗ РФ; ФГБОУ ВО «Новосибирский государственный медицинский университет» МЗ РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Novosibirsk Tuberculosis Research Institute, Russian Ministry of Health; Novosibirsk State Medical University V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Новосибирский государственный медицинский университет» МЗ РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Novosibirsk State Medical University V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>101</volume><issue>1S</issue><fpage>51</fpage><lpage>56</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Белогородцев С.Н., Лыков А.П., Никонов С.Д., Бредихин Д.А., Шварц Я.Ш., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Белогородцев С.Н., Лыков А.П., Никонов С.Д., Бредихин Д.А., Шварц Я.Ш.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Belogorodtsev S.N., Lykov A.P., Nikonov S.D., Bredikhin D.A., Schwartz Y.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.tibl-journal.com/jour/article/view/1756">https://www.tibl-journal.com/jour/article/view/1756</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования: изучить эффективность антимикробной фотодинамической терапии (АФДТ) с использованием в качестве фотосенсибилизатора фталоцинана гидроксиалюминия (Фотосенс) в экспериментальной модели туберкулезной инфекции у мышей.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Мыши линии Balb/c инфицировались штаммом M. tuberculosis с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью (МЛУ) Beij ing BO/W148. АФДТ с использованием фталоцианина гидроксиалюминия и светового воздействия красным лазером начинали на 45 сутки. Всего было проведено 4 сеанса АФДТ на проекции обоих легких, печени и селезенки. Терапевтический эффект АФДТ оценивали на 60-е сутки по выраженности микобактериальной нагрузки и специфической гранулематозной инфильтрации в легких, печени и селезенке. Абсорбцию световой энергии лазерного излучения грудной и брюшной стенкой, а также тканями легких, печени и селезенки определяли методом фотометрии с использованием флуовизора.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Ткани экспериментального животного задерживают значительное количество световой энергии, однако остаточная величина светопропускания достаточна для оказания выраженного терапевтического эффекта, проявлявшегося в значительном снижении микобактериальной нагрузки и специфического воспалительного процесса во всех исследованных внутренних органах.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Использование АФДТ может быть эффективным способом лечения некоторых форм туберкулезной инфекции, в том числе вызванных M. tuberculosis с МЛУ.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>The objective</title><p>The objective: to study the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) using hydroxyaluminum phthalocyanine (Photosens) as a photosensitizer in the experimental model of tuberculosis infection in mice.</p></sec><sec><title>Subjects and Methods</title><p>Subjects and Methods. Balb/cmice were infected with the multiple drug resistant (MDR) strain of M. tuberculosis Beijing BO/W148. APDT with hydroxyaluminum phthalocyanine and red laser light exposure were started on Day 45. A total of 4 sessions of APDT on the projection of both lungs, liver and spleen were performed. On Day 60, the therapeutic eff ect of APDT</p><p>was assessed by evaluation of severity of mycobacterial load and specific granulomatous infiltration in the lungs, liver and spleen. The absorption of light energy of laser radiation by the chest and abdominal walls, as well as tissues of lungs, liver and spleen was determined by photometry using afluovisor.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The tissues of the experimental animal retain a significant amount of light energy, however, the residual value of light transmission is sufficient to provide a pronounced therapeutic effect which manifests itself as a significant decrease of mycobacterial load and specific inflammatory process in all the studied internal organs.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. APDT may be an effective tool to treat some forms of tuberculous infection including those caused by M. tuberculosis with MDR.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>туберкулез</kwd><kwd>множественная лекарственная устойчивость</kwd><kwd>антибактериальная фотодинамическая терапия</kwd><kwd>фталоцианин гидроксиалюминия</kwd><kwd>микобактериальная нагрузка</kwd><kwd>гранулематоз</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>tuberculosis</kwd><kwd>multiple drug resistance</kwd><kwd>antibacterial photodynamic therapy</kwd><kwd>hydroxyaluminum phthalocyanine</kwd><kwd>mycobacterial load</kwd><kwd>granulomatosis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бредихин Д. А., Никонов С. Д., Чередниченко А. Г., Корбут А. И., Петренко Т. И. Фотодинамическая инактивация Mycobacterium tuberculosis метиленовым синим in vitro // Туберкулёз и болезни лёгких. – 2019. – Т. 97, № 7. – С. 28–33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bredikhin D.A., Nikonov S.D., Cherednichenko A.G., Korbut A.I., Petrenko T.I. In vitro photodynamic inactivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by methylene blue. Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 2019, vol. 97, no. 7, pp. 28–33. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бредихин Д. А., Никонов С. Д., Чередниченко А. Г., Петренко Т. И. Фотодинамическая инактивация Mycobacterium tuberculosis радахлорином in vitro // Туберкулёз и болезни лёгких. – 2018. – Т. 96, № 3. – С. 5–10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bredikhin D.A., Nikonov S.D., Cherednichenko A.G., Petrenko T.I. In vitro photodynamic inactivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by radachlorin. Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 2018, vol. 96, no. 3, pp. 5–10. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Васильева И. А., Белиловский Е. М., Борисов С. Е., Стерликов С. А. Туберкулез с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью возбудителя в странах мира и в Российской Федерации // Туберкулёз и болезни лёгких. – 2017. – Т. 95, № 11. – С. 5–17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasilyeva I.A., Belilovsky E.M., Borisov S.E., Sterlikov S.A. Multiple drug resistant tuberculosis in the world and Russian Federation. Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 2017, vol. 95, no. 11, pp. 5–17. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Министерство здравоохранения Российской Федерации. Туберкулез у взрослых: Клинические рекомендации. 2020. URL: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/schema/16_1/ [Дата обращения 30 августа 2023]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Russian Ministry of Health. Tuberkulez u vzroslykh. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii. [Tuberculosis in adults: Guidelines]. 2020. Available: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/schema/16_1/ Accessed August 30, 2023</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Никонов С. Д., Бредихин Д. А., Белогородцев С. Н., Шварц Я. Ш. Фотодинамическая инактивация микобактерий туберкулеза с использованием фталоцианина алюминия // Бюллетень экспериментальной биологии и медицины. – 2023. – №3. – С. 350–354.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikonov S.D., Bredikhin D.A., Belogorodtsev S.N., Shvarts Ya.Sh. Photodynamic inactivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by aluminum phthalocyanine. Byulleten Eksperimentalnoy Biologii i Meditsiny, 2023, no. 3, pp. 350-354. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Никонов С. Д., Смоленцев М. Н., Краснов Д. В., Бредихин Д. А., Белогородцев С. Н. Фотодинамическая терапия при туберкулезной эмпиеме плевры // Туберкулёз и болезни лёгких. – 2021. – Т. 99, № 5. – С. 51–56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikonov S.D., Smolentsev M.N., Krasnov D.V., Bredikhin D.A., Belogorodtsev S.N. Photodynamic therapy in tuberculous pleural empyema. Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 2021, vol. 99, no. 5, pp. 51–56. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Семенов Д. Ю., Васильев Ю. Л., Дыдыкин С. С., Странадко Е. Ф., Шубин В. К., Богомазов Ю. К., Морохотов В. А., Щербюк А. Н., Морозов С. В., Захаров Ю. И. // Антимикробная и антимикотическая фотодинамическая терапия (обзор литературы) // BiomedicalPhotonics. – 2021. – Т. 10, № 1. – С. 25–31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Semenov D.Yu., Vasiliev Yu.L., Dydykin S.S., Stranadko E.F., Shubin V.K., Bogomazov Yu.K., Morokhotov V.A., Scherbyuk A.N., Morozov S.V., Zakharov Yu.I. Antimicrobial and antimycotic photodynamic therapy (review). BiomedicalPhotonics, 2021, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 25-31. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Castano A. P., Demidova T. N., Hamblin M. R. Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: part one – photosensitizers, photochemistry and cellular localization // Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther. – 2004. – № 1. – P. 279–293.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Castano, A.P.; Demidova, T.N.; Hamblin, M.R. Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: part one – photosensitizers, photochemistry and cellular localization. Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther., 2004, no. 1, pp. 279–293.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Falk-Mahapatra R., Gollnick S. O. Photodynamic Therapy and Immunity: An Update, Photochem. Photobiol., – 2020. – Vol. 96. – № 3 – P. 550–559.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Falk-Mahapatra R., Gollnick S.O. Photodynamic Therapy and Immunity: An Update, Photochem. Photobiol, 2020, vol. 96, no. 3, pp. 550–559.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Global tuberculosis report 2021, Geneva: World Health Organization 2021. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240037021 [Accessed Aug 30, 2023].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Global tuberculosis report 2021, Geneva, World Health Organization 2021. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240037021 Accessed Aug 30, 2023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guterres K.B., Rossi G.G., Menezes L.B., Anraku de Campos M.M., Iglesias B.A. Preliminary evaluation of the positively and negatively charge effects of tetra-substituted porphyrins on photoinactivation of rapidly growing mycobacteri. Tuberculosis (Edinb.), 2019, vol. 117, pp. 45–51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guterres K.B., Rossi G.G., Menezes L.B., Anraku de Campos M.M., Iglesias B.A. Preliminary evaluation of the positively and negatively charge effects of tetra-substituted porphyrins on photoinactivation of rapidly growing mycobacteri. Tuberculosis (Edinb.), 2019, vol. 117, pp. 45–51.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jeong B., Kim J.K., Bae T., Park I. Effect of photodynamic therapy enhanced by methylene blue on drug-resistant Mycobacterium smegmatis. J. Bacteriol. Virol., 2020, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 235–24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jeong B., Kim J.K., Bae T., Park I. Effect of photodynamic therapy enhanced by methylene blue on drug-resistant Mycobacterium smegmatis. J. Bacteriol. Virol., 2020, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 235–24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lukyanets E.A. Phthalocyanines as photosensitizers in the photodynamic therapy of cancer. Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines, 1999, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 424–432.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lukyanets E.A. Phthalocyanines as photosensitizers in the photodynamic therapy of cancer. Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines, 1999, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 424–432.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rossi G.G., Guterres K.B., Hahn da Silveira C., Schneider Moreira K., Lima Burgo T.A., Almeida Iglesias B., Anraku de Campos M.M. Peripheral tetra-cationic Pt(II) porphyrins photo-inactivating rapidly growing mycobacteria: First application in mycobacteriology. Microbial Pathogenesis, 2020, vol. 148, pp. 104455.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rossi G.G., Guterres K.B., Hahn da Silveira C., Schneider Moreira K., Lima Burgo T.A., Almeida Iglesias B., Anraku de Campos M.M. Peripheral tetra-cationic Pt(II) porphyrins photo-inactivating rapidly growing mycobacteria: First application in mycobacteriology. Microbial Pathogenesis, 2020, vol. 148, pp. 104455.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shim I., Choi M., Min Y., Seok K.H., Kim J.K., Jeong J.Y., Oak C.H., Park I. Effect of methylene blue-mediated photodynamic therapy on wild-type and ciprofloxacin-resistant Mycobacterium smegmatis. J. Bacteriol. Virol., 2016, vol. 46, pp. 27–35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shim I., Choi M., Min Y., Seok K.H., Kim J.K., Jeong J.Y., Oak C.H., Park I. Effect of methylene blue-mediated photodynamic therapy on wild-type and ciprofloxacin-resistant Mycobacterium smegmatis. J. Bacteriol. Virol., 2016, vol. 46, pp. 27–35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shleeva M., Savitsky A., Kaprelyants A. Photoinactivation of mycobacteria to combat infection diseases: current state and perspectives. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2021, vol. 105, no. 10, pp. 4099–4109.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shleeva M., Savitsky A., Kaprelyants A. Photoinactivation of mycobacteria to combat infection diseases: current state and perspectives. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2021, vol. 105, no. 10, pp. 4099–4109.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
