The review analyzes 21 publications on sarcoidosis pathogenesis, clinical course, treatment characteristics (sarcoidosis in the COVID-19 era), and prognostic aspects during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The article analyzes 49 publications on adverse drug reactions occurring during therapy with antitumor drugs. It presents data on pneumotoxicity and its clinical manifestations for such anticancer drugs as bleomycin, busulfan, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, methotrexate, nitrosourea derivatives, and taxanes, while the mechanisms of lung injury are not entirely clear and require further research. The prevention of drug-induced lung injury requires raising awareness among practicing physicians of different specialties, primarily general practitioners, rheumatologists, clinical immunologists, pulmonologists, phthisiologists, and oncologists due to non-specific manifestations of drug-induced lung injury and the use of antitumor drugs for other diseases apart from cancer.

The objective of the study: to evaluate the commercial XDR test for susceptibility testing of M. tuberculosis to second line anti-tuberculosis drugs in clinical trials and as part of annual professional testing cycles coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Subjects and Methods. Cultures of M. tuberculosis (n = 90) freshly isolated on egg media from clinical samples collected in tuberculosis patients were tested using the Bactec MGIT 960 system and the XDR test under identical conditions. Well-studied strains of M. tuberculosis (n = 216) obtained from the WHO supranational laboratories were repeatedly cultured on Middlebrook 7H10 medium before the study. The drug susceptibility of the cultures was assessed using the XDR test by the nitrate reductase method.
Results. A high concurrence (96.7-100%) of the results was shown when testing susceptibility of 90 M. tuberculosis isolates to kanamycin, amikacin, capreomycin and ofloxacin using the XDR test and the Bactec MGIT 960 system with comparable test periods. The use of the XDR test for drug 
susceptibility testing of 216 M. tuberculosis strains in eleven annual professional testing cycles coordinated by the WHO supranational laboratories provided the results consistent with the consensus one for kanamycin, capreomycin, ofloxacin and amikacin in 98.6, 99.4, 99.4, and 99.0% of cases, respectively. For moxifloxacin and levofloxacin additionally incorporated to the XDR test, completely identical results were obtained.

The use of molecular genetic tests as a part of tuberculosis patients examination made it possible to reduce the time for TB diagnosis and determination of drug resistance (DR) of M. tuberculosis (MTB) in Arkhangelsk Region. Early detection of multiple drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) made it possible to prescribe the adequate chemotherapy regimen promptly and thus to improve treatment outcomes.
The objective of the study: to evaluate the results of treatment of MDR TB patients in whom MDR TB was diagnosed by molecular genetic tests. It was assumed that the introduction of molecular genetic tests would result in improved treatment outcomes in MDR TB patients [(the research project of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases and Tuberculosis Control Program of Arkhangelsk Region of the PROVE-IT LPA (Policy Relevant Outcomes from Validating Evidence on Impact of Line Probe Assays)].
Subjects: 295 MDR TB patients detected in Arkhangelsk Region were enrolled in the study. MDR TB was detected by molecular genetic tests in the main group (132 patients) and by culture in the control group (163 patients). Patients from both groups received the standard chemotherapy regimen. Chemotherapy outcomes were compared in both groups.
Results. Treatment outcomes were better in the group (MGT group) where molecular genetic tests were used for drug susceptibility testing (p = 0.003) versus the comparison group where the culture was used. Effective treatment was documented more frequently (65.2%) in the MGT group versus the comparison group (44.8%). All-cause mortality was lower in the MGT group (7.6%) than in the comparison group (15.9%). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in the time when sputum conversion (by smear and culture) was achieved.

The objective: to compare the level of Klotho protein in patients with myocardial infarction (M I) and concurrent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and patients with COPD only with consideration of specific manifestations of COPD (severity of symptoms and risk of exacerbations).
Subjects and Methods. 144 patients were examined and divided into the following groups: MI + COPD Group - patients with MI and concurrent COPD (60 patients), COPD Group - patients with COPD (54 patients) and HI Group - somatically healthy individuals (30 people). The patients were divided into subgroups (A, B, C, D) according to the GOLD 2019 classification. Enzyme immunoassay was used to test the level of Klotho.
Results. A statistically significant lower level of Klotho was detected in patients in MI + COPD Group compared to COPD Group and healthy individuals. Patients in the subgroups with severe symptoms (B and D) in both the COPD and MI + COPD Groups had statistically significantly lower levels of Klotho compared to those in the subgroups with no symptoms (A and C). Among patients with MI + COPD in subgroups A, B, C, D, the Kloto level was statistically significantly lower versus the patients of the corresponding subgroups in COPD Group. The lowest level of Klotho was detected in MI + COPD and COPD Groups in patients of subgroup D, that was in patients with severe symptoms and frequent exacerbations of COPD. The data obtained were confirmed by correlation analysis results. It was found that in MI + COPD and COPD Groups, the level of Klotho had a negative correlation with both the severity of symptoms and number of COPD exacerbations. Correlations were the strongest between the level of Klotho and parameters characterizing the severity of COPD symptoms.

The objective of the study: evaluation of the results of differentiated approaches to chemotherapy of respiratory tuberculosis in children exposed to isoniazid resistant tuberculosis.
Subjects and Methods. 57 children aged 2-12 years were enrolled in the study (the median age made 8 years) all children suffered from active respiratory tuberculosis and received conservative therapy only All children were exposed to isoniazid resistant tuberculosis. Patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 received standard chemotherapy regimen 2: 5 anti-tuberculosis drugs (TB drugs) in the intensive phase and 4 TB drugs in the continuation phase (5 TB drugs/4 TB drugs) for disseminated processes (25 patients); Group 2 - 32 patients who received individualized regimens: 4 TB drugs/3 TB drugs for the limited disease (14 patients); 3 TB drugs for the whole course of chemotherapy for minor forms (18 patients). The combination of TB drugs was based on the susceptibility of the index case.
Results. Treatment outcomes in all children were classified as effective treatment. The intensive phase of chemotherapy made 4.2 ± 0.3 months in Group 1 and 2.8 ± 0.2 months in Group 2, p_t < 0.05. The total duration of chemotherapy in Group 1 made 9.9 ± 0.3 months, and in Group 2 was 6.8 ± 0.2 months, p_t < 0.05. 
Conclusion. The use of individual regimens of anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy consisting of the fewer number of drugs and with a shorter duration of treatment, does not impair effectiveness of chemotherapy of respiratory tuberculosis in case of the limited disease and minor lesions in children exposed to isoniazid resistant tuberculosis. 

The objective: to study the effect of liposomal oxidized dextran (LOD) on remodeling of the extracellular matrix of organs of mice during the period of chronic BCG granulomatosis and effects of LOD on this process depending on the route of administration.
Subjects and Methods. The liver and lungs of mice with BCG granulomatosis were studied using different methods of LOD administration (intraperitoneally and by inhalation). The content of glycosaminoglycans, hydroxyproline fraction, the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), hyaluronidases and a2-macroglobulin, and the content of tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMP-1 and -2) were evaluated.
Results. The administration of LOD to mice infected with the BCG vaccine suffering from chronic granulomatosis with severe fibrosis (6 months after infection for 3 months) resulted in the aggravation of collagen degradation in the liver. In the lungs, along with increased collagen degradation, decreased collagen synthesis was observed. It was apparently due to suppressed activity of a2-macroglobulin and decreased content of TIMP-1 and -2. In the liver, with intraperitoneal administration of LOD, signs of suppressed fibrogenesis and fibrolysis were observed versus the data obtained for inhalation administration. There were no differences in the content of hydroxyproline fractions in the lungs depending on the method of LOD administration. Thus, administration of LOD to mice led to lower severity of fibrosis while the mechanisms of fibrolysis in the lungs and liver differed.

The article describes a clinical case of the treatment of a young child with a complicated course of tuberculosis with multiple localizations and concurrent primary immunodeficiency. The new anti-tuberculosis drug of bedaquiline was successfully used in the treatment regimen. The child received bedaquiline for 6 months without any adverse events, after 2 months no acid-fast mycobacteria were detected, there were pronounced positive radiological changes which remained until the end of treatment. This clinical case provides evidence that bedaquiline can be used safely and effectively in MDR TB chemotherapy regimens in children under 5 years of age.