The article presents data on the course of inhalations with a native surfactant administered in two patients (66 and 53 years old) at the late respiratory phase of the new coronavirus infection of COVID-19 (the 22nd and the 19th days from the disease onset) who received non-invasive artificial lung ventilation.
Subjects and methods. For inhalations, an AeroNeb™ micropump nebulizer was used; for one inhalation, 75 mg of surfactant-BL was dissolved in 5 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution. The treatment course included 5 days with 2 inhalations a day.
Results. In both patients, upon the end of this therapy with the native surfactant, regression of respiratory failure was noted, the level of respiratory support was reduced to insufflation with humidified oxygen, and rehabilitation measures were started with subsequent discharge from the hospital.

The objective of the study: to determine the objectivity of statistical data on HIV infection, to analyze HIV situation in Russia at the beginning of implementation of the State Strategy Aimed to Combat the Spread of HIV Infection in the Russian Federation until 2030.
Subjects and methods. The data from federal statistical surveillance forms no. 4, 8, 30, 33, and 61 were studied. The number of those died is presented as per the Rosstat data. Epidemiological and statistical analysis, expert assessment, and content analysis of publications and regulations were applied.
Results. In Russia, HIV epidemic situation has stabilized; in 2019-2020, HIV-associated incidence and mortality were decreasing, and the number of deaths in patients with TB/HIV co-infection is also going down. In Russia, COVID-19 will not contribute to an increase in HIV incidence and mortality in the near future. The negative effects of the pandemic are partially offset by a sharp reduction in contacts, the stable supply of antiretroviral drugs, and the expansion of hospital-replacement technologies in specialized medical units. It is necessary to set up a unified monitoring system for HIV infection in this country. Federal statistical surveillance form no. 61 on HIV infection requires improvement and revision.

The objective of the study: to evaluate the effectiveness of diagnosis of tuberculosis and mycobacteriosis in bronchobiopsy specimens obtained during navigation by radial endobronchial ultrasonography (rEBUS) in patients with peripheral lung lesions without bacterial excretion.
Subjects and methods. A retrospective analysis of the diagnostic effectiveness of bronchoscopic examination with biopsies was carried out in 179 patients (75 men and 104 women) suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis or mycobacteriosis without bacterial excretion; peripheral lung lesions had been visualized by computed tomography (CT). The patients were divided into two groups: 93 underwent bronchoscopy with biopsies with rEBUS navigation, 86 underwent bronchoscopy with classical biopsies and preliminary CT navigation. Each patient underwent multiple biopsies, at least one fluid biopsy (bronchoalveolar lavage or bronchial lavage), and one tissue biopsy (transbronchial lung biopsy or brush biopsy). Specimens collected by all types of bronchobiopsy were sent for microbiological and cytological tests, specimens of pulmonary transbronchial biopsy were additionally sent for histological examination.
Results. The diagnosis of tuberculosis was verified by bronchobiopsy in 106 (67.5%) of 158 patients with tuberculosis, but statistically significantly more often in the group with rEBUS navigation versus the group without it – 81.9% (68/83) versus 50.7% (38/75), respectively (p_χ2 < 0.01). The diagnosis of non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis was verified by bronchobiopsy in 13 (61.9%) of 21 patients, in the group with rEBUS navigation – in 80.0% (8/10) patients, in the group without it – in 45.5% (5/11) (p_φ > 0.05). The use of rEBUS navigation while collecting bronchobiopsy specimens made it possible to increase the etiological verification of tuberculosis using the following microbiological methods: microscopy – from 14.7 to 49.4% (p_χ2 < 0.01), molecular genetic – from 41.3 to 72.3% ( p_χ2 < 0.01), culture (Bactec MGIT960) – from 44.0 to 67.5% (p_χ2 < 0.01) The greatest enhancement of diagnostic effectiveness was achieved in the specimens of bronchoalveolar lavage and bronchial lavage – from 33.3 to 71.1% (p_χ2 < 0.01) and in brush biopsy specimens – from 25.6 to 57.6% (p_χ2 < 0.01).

The uncontrolled course of bronchial asthma (BA) in children and insufficient efficacy of standard therapy regimens may be due to underestimated infectious factors. 
The objective: to study specific parameters of the course and treatment of mycoplasma infection, improve monitoring over BA therapy in children of the tender and preschool age. 
Subjects and methods. 320 children with BA in the age from 1 to 7 years old were followed up. In this work, Mycoplasma pneumoniae (FH), Mycoplasma hominis (H-34), Ureaplasma urealyticum (serotype 8), Mycoplasma fermentans (PG18) and Mycoplasma arthritidis (PG6) were used, they were cultured on a liquid medium for cultivation of mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas. To isolate CIC from blood serum samples, we used the method of precipitation with 3.5% polyethylene glycol (PEG, 6000 Da), hemagglutination assays and IFA were used to identify mycoplasma antigens, mycoplasma DNA was detected by PCR with InterLabService diagnostic kits. The data of 47 patients with prolonged mycoplasma antigenemia were assessed at the baseline and in 1.5-3 months after the treatment course of azithromycin.
Results. 320 blood serum samples from children with BA were tested, and the detection rate by hemagglutination assays of M. pneumoniae antigens was 60.9%, M. hominis – 43.4%, U. urealyticum – 44.8%, M. arthritidis – 29.7%, M. fermentrans – 45.3%. The assessment of relationship between of M. pneumoniae, M. hominis and asthma exacerbation showed that antigens of M. pneumoniae and M. hominis were found in 216 children (single or associated). After treatment with azithromycin, the frequency of BA exacerbations within 3 months decreased by 2.4 times, as well as there was a reduction in the number of samples positive for antigens and DNA of mycoplasma in a free state and within CIC. The persistence of antigens, DNA of M. pneumoniae and M. hominis before treatment of 47 children was 80.9 and 66.0% of cases, after treatment with azithromycin – 31.9 and 25.5% of cases, respectively (p < 0.001). Within CIC isolated from the blood serum of patients, antigens to M. pneumoniae and M. hominis before treatment were detected by IFA in 63.8 and 70.2% of children, after treatment – in 31.9 and 23.4%, respectively. p < 0.001. In blood samples, DNA of M. pneumoniae and M. hominis was detected by PCR before treatment in 8.5 and 34.0%; after treatment in 6.4% (p = 0.318) and 19.1% of cases, respectively (p = 0.009), and within CIC isolated from blood serum, in 27.7 and 48.9% of cases before treatment and 8.5 and 34.0% after it, respectively (p = 0.009).

The objective: to evaluate immediate and postponed results of surgical treatment of tuberculosis (TB) in patients with TB/HIV co-infection.
Subjects and methods. 106 patients underwent surgery: 64 patients suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis (81.2% had resections, and 18.8% – thoracoplasty), 36 patients – tuberculous spondylitis (vertebral body resection in combination with anterior spondylodesis), and 6 patients – cerebral TB (removal of tuberculous lesions under neuronavigation). Development of complications in the postoperative period and tuberculosis relapses in the long-term period was assessed.
Results. No severe and suppurative complications were observed in the postoperative period in patients with HIV/pulmonary TB and HIV/cerebral TB. In patients with HIV/TB spondylitis, complications were registered in 4/36 (11.1%) cases: in 2/4 – postoperative wound suppuration and in 2/4 – ligature fistulas. No relapse of tuberculosis was reported after lung resection in 45 out of 45 patients availabe for follow-up, after thoracoplasty in 10 out of 12 patients, after surgery due to tuberculous spondylitis – in 25 out of 27 patients, and cerebral tuberculosis – in 5 out of 6.

as a lethal outcome predictor. To enhance treatment efficacy, TPE local sanitation method utilizing antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been developed. This technique is based on the generation of oxygen radicals by the interaction of photosensitizers and light quanta which inactivate Mycobacterium tuberculosis and pyogenic flora. To assess the sanitizing and antimicrobial efficacy of PDT, 96 procedures were performed in 16 patients (in 14 cases, TPE was complicated by bronchopleural fistula, in 10 cases it developed after surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis). After intrapleural instillation of phthalocyanine aluminum 0.5 mg, all walls of the empyema cavity were irradiated by laser radiation with the wavelength of 662 nm and light density of 30-100 J/cm2. The response to PDT of tuberculous pleural empyema was reported in 93.75% of cases (n = 15), with complete response observed in 75% of cases (n = 12).

The article describes a clinical case of drug resistant miliary tuberculosis in an immunocompetent woman with a multifetal pregnancy after in vitro fertilization (IVF). Difficulties in diagnosing miliary tuberculosis were due to the late detection of the initial focus of infection, that was endometrial tuberculosis, which generalized after IVF. The rare association of isthmic nodose salpingitis and a borderline ovarian tumor (serous ovarian cystadenoma) was a factor complicating the detection of tuberculosis.
Conclusion: In an IVF program with bilateral fallopian tube occlusion, tuberculosis should be considered as a possible cause of this pathology. Endometrial tuberculosis is associated with a risk of repeated implantation failure and generalization of the disease.

The review analyses 47 publications that follow the pathway of clofazimine from its discovery to recognition as a Group B drug for treatment of multiple drug resistant tuberculosis. It describes its mechanism of action and effects on Mycobacterium tuberculosis, pharmacokinetics, and safety parameters.