The review presents data on the significant increase of tobacco smoking prevalence and its harmful effect on the development and course of chronic respiratory diseases: tuberculosis, pneumonia, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Negative consequences of tobacco smoking are caused by chronic intoxication of the host by the components of tobacco smoke providing impact on various organs and cells of the host, thus causing a big variety of diseases. Both active and passive smoking deteriorates their course and increase the risk of exacerbation, hinders taking control over the disease and interferes with adequate response to drugs.

Current approaches to treatment of tobacco addiction have been presented. There are several ways to overcome nicotine addiction – drug therapy and the other forms of therapy. Integrated approach to tobacco smoking management allows achieving success in 30% of cases within short period of time with continuous and quality remissions. 

Goal of the study: to investigate the capabilities of digital tomosynthesis for monitoring of tuberculous changes in the lungs against the background of chemotherapy.

Materials and methods. Results of chemotherapy efficiency monitored by X-ray in 55 respiratory tuberculosis patients were analyzed. Before treatment and in 2 months after chemotherapy start all patients had X-ray and DT with consequent analysis of the obtained data.

Results. When monitoring the efficiency of drug therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis by DT some additional diagnostic data were obtained in 36,4% of cases compared to X-ray. The article describes specific features of tuberculous changes visualization of the chest with the follow-up of changes by DT; opportunities for X-ray monitoring efficiency enhancement in these patients are presented.

Conclusions. DT provides more accurate evaluation of tuberculous changes in the lungs compared to X-ray, which greatly enhances understanding of the course of the disease and registration of the pulmonary disease cure. 

It has been hypothesized and investigated that seasonal factors provide impact on the treatment interruptions. Treatment outcomes of 19 923 new pulmonary tuberculosis cases with the positive result of sputum tests have been studied. Patients registered for treatment during the cold seasons (Quarters I, IV) interrupt treatment, including interruption of the intensive phase, rarer compared to the warm seasons (Quarters II, III). The least relative risk of treatment interruption is observed in the patients registered during Quarter IV compared to the other Quarters. Also chemotherapy was interrupted more often and patients migrated less when registered in Quarter III compared to the patients registered in Quarter II. The observed consistent pattern should be taken into account when planning measures aimed to increase patients' motivation for treatment adherence.

Goal of the study: evaluation of the impact of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of rs4129267 gene of interleukin 6 receptor, (IL6R), rs1051730 gene of nicotine receptor 3 (CHRNA3) in the formation of predisposition to asthma among citizens of Krasnoyarsk.

Materials and methods. Group of asthma patients included 100 persons while control group included 290 persons. The control group included population sample of relatively healthy people without broncho-pulmonary disorders, residing in Novosibirsk and examined within framework of the international projects of MONICA (Multinational MONItoring of trends and determinants in СArdiovascular disease) and HAPIEE (Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors In Eastern Europe).

Results of the study. The association was detected between non-allergic asthma and SNP rs4129267 of gene IL6R. The association of asthma with rs1051730 of gene CHRNA3 has not been confirmed. 

The article presents the results of retrospective analysis of tuberculosis epidemic situation among prisoners in Smolensk Region and its comparison with the same rates in the Russian Federation for 2007-2013. During those years positive changes had been observed in tuberculosis incidence, mortality and prevalence rates. The rates for the region were significantly lower compared to the rates in the penitentiary system for the whole country. Tuberculosis incidence in remand prisons of Smolensk Region was higher compared to the same in penal colonies and overall rate in the penitentiary system of Smolensk Region. Those in the age from 21 to 40 years prevailed among tuberculosis patients in Smolensk Region during the period being analyzed.

The article is devoted to studying the causes of treatment defaults in those suffering from multiple drug resistance tuberculosis in Kyrgyzstan Republic, treated in 2005-2012.

Despite that the turning point was achieved in tuberculosis control in the world, still there is on-going interest to this social disease.

Goal: to evaluate changes of main epidemiological rates, to publish achievements and prospects of the implementation of National tuberculosis control programme for the period after 2015.

Materials and methods. Comparative analysis included evolution of tuberculosis in various localizations in 2011-2015.

Results. Tuberculosis situation has been gradually improving in the Republic of Moldova for the last 5 years. The data evidence about the number of tuberculosis cases going down but the global burden of the disease remains fairly high. The success in tuberculosis control supported by WHO and other international organizations is also related to certain Moldavian research achievements.

Conclusion. Due to diversity of clinical forms of tuberculosis and the growing problem of comorbidity the cross-disciplinary approach to tuberculosis control can assure success of these activities. 

In order to investigate the life quality of 404 sarcoidosis patients and 404 tuberculosis patients questionnaires of NAIF и SGRQ were used, the technique of V.A. Kopanev was used to evaluate the adaptive state of the host. It was found out that sarcoidosis patients manifested bigger number of adaptive reactions of the host from balanced pathology circle and chronic stress circle compared to tuberculosis patients who demonstrated reactions from normal functioning circle. Prevalence of adaptive reactions from acute stress circle in both groups showed the depth of the effect of forming granulomatous lesions on the patient's host and it was reflected in the life quality studies demonstrating the obvious reduction in the life quality of both sarcoidosis and tuberculosis patients. However express method of NAIF demonstrated the reduction of average integral life quality indicator in sarcoidosis patients due to social and sexual components. Life quality assessment method of NAIF, reflecting finer rates of the host functioning allowed evaluating the quality of rehabilitation programmes when used for monitoring of changes.

Goal: to analyze opportunities for surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis patients with concurrent HIV infection staying in the penitentiary system.

Materials and methods. The analysis comprised 7 cases of surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis with HIV coinfection in TB hospital of the Russian Federal Penitentiary System from 2013 to 2015.

Results. Surgical treatment (lung resection) was successfully performed in 7 tuberculosis patients with concurrent HIV infection. 5 out of 7 patients had tuberculomas, 1 patient had fibrous cavernous tuberculosis and 1 patient suffered from infiltrate tuberculosis, complicated by spontaneous pneumothorax. Dissemination of tuberculous lesions varied from 1 to 4 segments, HIV infection stage was IIB, III, IIIB and the average CD4 count made 693.0 ± 98.3 cell/mcl. Additionally to chemotherapy the following treatment was used in the pre-operative and post-operative periods: lymphotropic administration of drugs, phytopreparations and pneumoperitoneum. 

Goal: to define frequency of detection of non-tuberculous mycobacterioses in Orenburg Region and to study the morphology of the autopsy samples of the patients suffering from HIV infection and non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis.

Materials and methods. 7488 mycobacterial cultures were analyzed in order to differentiate non-tuberculous mycobacteria and to identify their species by molecular genetic methods. Post mortem diagnostics was performed with morphological description of generalized forms of mycobacterioses caused by M. avium.

Results. The analysis showed that species of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex significantly prevailed (98.9%) in Orenburg Region. The following non-tuberculous mycobacteria were found in HIV negative patients: M. avium complex, M. xenopi, M. gordonae. M. avium was the most common in HIV positive patients (75%). Non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis possesses a specific diagnostic feature i.e. detection of non-caseous granulomas, consisting of histiocytes and "foamy" macrophages, containing large number of acid-fast mycobacteria in cytoplasm. Diffusive fibrosis of macrophage-histiocyte granulomas and sclerosis of tissue in perifocal area of inflammation are the typical features of it. 

Peptic ulcer is registered in 20,5% of those suffering from infiltrate pulmonary tuberculosis and in 19,5% of HIV patients at C2 stage, ill with infiltrate pulmonary tuberculosis and presenting complaints about dyspeptic disorders. The following is typical of multimorbidity of pulmonary tuberculosis, HIV infection and peptic ulcer: oligosymptomatic start of tuberculosis, asthenic syndrome dominating among clinical symptoms, manifestations of gastric and intestinal indigestion, weight loss (2-4 times more often compared to HIV negative patients), less expressed lung tissue destruction (2 time less compared to HIV negative patients). H. pylori is a causative agent of the peptic ulcer in 62,5% of patients with infiltrate pulmonary tuberculosis and in 58,7% of HIV infected patients at C2 stage, suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis. Comorbidity of H. pilori negative peptic ulcer and infiltrate pulmonary tuberculosis differs from comorbidity of H. pilori positive peptic ulcer and infiltrate pulmonary tuberculosis since the first has confidently true unfavorable forecast of the outcome.

The article describes the clinical case of TB/HIV coinfection in the pregnant woman and newborn. The discussion of the management tactics included main issues on which treatment success depended on: the right choice of chemotherapy regimen, correct decision on the time of delivery due to life-threatening conditions of the mother, timely diagnostics of tuberculosis in the newborn. It is necessary to develop cross-disciplinary guidelines by professional medical communities on the management of pregnant women with TB/HIV coinfection which will allow enhancing the quality of medical care to pregnant women and newborns at all stages of follow-up.